SemiConductors Lessions and Tutorials

AMPLIFIERS AND ACTIVE DEVICES

• Active versus passive devices.
• Amplifiers
• Amplifier gain
• Decibels
• Absolute dB scales
• Attenuators

SOLID-STATE DEVICE THEORY

• Introduction
• Quantum physics
• Valence and Crystal structure
• Band theory of solids
• Electrons and ``holes''
• The P-N junction
• Junction diodes.
• Insulated-gate field-effect transistors (MOSFET)
• Thyristors
• Semiconductor manufacturing techniques
• Superconducting devices
• Quantum devices
• Semiconductor devices in SPICE

DIODES AND RECTIFIERS

• Introduction
• Meter check of a diode
• Diode ratings
• Rectifier circuits
• Peak detector
• Clipper circuits
• Clamper circuits
• Voltage multipliers
• Inductor commutating circuits
• Diode switching circuits
• Zener diodes
• Special-purpose diodes
• Other diode technologies
• SPICE models

BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS

• Introduction
• The transistor as a switch .
• Meter check of a transistor .
• Active mode operation
• The common-emitter amplifier
• The common-collector amplifier .
• The common-base amplifier
• Biasing techniques
• Input and output coupling .
• Feedback
• Current mirrors
• Transistor ratings and packages .
• BJT quirks

JUNCTION FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS

• Introduction
• The transistor as a switch .
• Meter check of a transistor .
• Active-mode operation .

INSULATED-GATE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS

• Field-effect-controlled thyristors .
• Introduction
• Depletion-type IGFETs .
• IGBTs

THYRISTORS

• Hysteresis
• Gas discharge tubes
• The Shockley Diode
• The DIAC
• The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
• The TRIAC
• Optothyristors
• The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

• Introduction
• Single-ended and differential amplifiers
• The "operational" amplifier
• Negative feedback
• Divided feedback
• An analogy for divided feedback
• Voltage-to-current signal conversion
• Averager and summer circuits .
• Building a differential amplifier
• The instrumentation amplifier
• Differentiator and integrator circuits
• Positive feedback
• Practical considerations
• Operational amplifier models
• Data

PRACTICAL ANALOG SEMICONDUCTOR CIRCUITS

• ElectroStatic Discharge
• Computational circuits

ELECTRON TUBES

• Introduction
• Early tube history
• The triode
• The tetrode
• Beam power tubes
• The pentode
• Combination tubes
• Tube parameters
• Ionization (gas-filled) tubes
• Display tubes
• Microwave tubes
• Tubes versus Semiconductors

TRANSMISSION LINES

• A 50-ohm cable?
• Circuits and the speed of light .
• Characteristic impedance
• Finite-length transmission lines
• ``Long'' and ``short'' transmission lines
• Standing waves and resonance
• Impedance transformation

AMPLIFIERS AND ACTIVE DEVICES Chapters

• Active versus passive devices.
• Amplifiers
• Amplifier gain
• Decibels
• Absolute dB scales
• Attenuators

SOLID-STATE DEVICE THEORY Chapters

• Introduction
• Quantum physics
• Valence and Crystal structure
• Band theory of solids
• Electrons and ``holes''
• The P-N junction
• Junction diodes.
• Insulated-gate field-effect transistors (MOSFET)
• Thyristors
• Semiconductor manufacturing techniques
• Superconducting devices
• Quantum devices
• Semiconductor devices in SPICE

DIODES AND RECTIFIERS Chapters

• Introduction
• Meter check of a diode
• Diode ratings
• Rectifier circuits
• Peak detector
• Clipper circuits
• Clamper circuits
• Voltage multipliers
• Inductor commutating circuits
• Diode switching circuits
• Zener diodes
• Special-purpose diodes
• Other diode technologies
• SPICE models

BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS Chapters

• Introduction
• The transistor as a switch .
• Meter check of a transistor .
• Active mode operation
• The common-emitter amplifier
• The common-collector amplifier .
• The common-base amplifier
• Biasing techniques
• Input and output coupling .
• Feedback
• Current mirrors
• Transistor ratings and packages .
• BJT quirks

JUNCTION FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS Chapters

• Introduction
• The transistor as a switch .
• Meter check of a transistor .
• Active-mode operation .

INSULATED-GATE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS Chapters

• Field-effect-controlled thyristors .
• Introduction
• Depletion-type IGFETs .
• IGBTs

THYRISTORS Chapters

• Hysteresis
• Gas discharge tubes
• The Shockley Diode
• The DIAC
• The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
• The TRIAC
• Optothyristors
• The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS Lessions

• Introduction
• Single-ended and differential amplifiers
• The "operational" amplifier
• Negative feedback
• Divided feedback
• An analogy for divided feedback
• Voltage-to-current signal conversion
• Averager and summer circuits .
• Building a differential amplifier
• The instrumentation amplifier
• Differentiator and integrator circuits
• Positive feedback
• Practical considerations
• Operational amplifier models
• Data

PRACTICAL ANALOG SEMICONDUCTOR CIRCUITS

• ElectroStatic Discharge
• Computational circuits

ELECTRON TUBES Lessions

• Introduction
• Early tube history
• The triode
• The tetrode
• Beam power tubes
• The pentode
• Combination tubes
• Tube parameters
• Ionization (gas-filled) tubes
• Display tubes
• Microwave tubes
• Tubes versus Semiconductors

TRANSMISSION LINES Lessions

• A 50-ohm cable?
• Circuits and the speed of light .
• Characteristic impedance
• Finite-length transmission lines
• ``Long'' and ``short'' transmission lines
• Standing waves and resonance

Impedance transformation

Digital Circuits All Chapters index

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

• Introduction
• Boolean arithmetic
• Boolean algebraic identities
• Boolean algebraic properties
• Boolean rules for simplification

KARNAUGH MAPPING

• Introduction
• Venn diagrams and sets
• Boolean Relationships on Venn Diagrams .
• Making a Venn diagram look like a Karnaugh map
• Karnaugh maps, truth tables, and Boolean expressio...
• Logic simplification with Karnaugh maps
• Larger 4-variable Karnaugh maps
• Minterm vs maxterm solution
• (sum) and (product) notation
• Don't care cells in the Karnaugh map .
• Larger 5 & 6-variable Karnaugh maps

COMBINATIONAL LOGIC FUNCTIONS

• Introduction
• A Full-Adder
• Decoder
• Encoder
• Demultiplexers
• Multiplexers
• Using multiple combinational circuits .

MULTIVIBRATORS

• Digital logic with feedback
• The S-R latch
• The gated S-R latch
• The D latch
• Edge-triggered latches: Flip-Flops
• The J-K flip-flop
• Asynchronous flip-flop inputs
• Monostable multivibrators

COUNTERS

• Binary count sequence
• Asynchronous counters
• Synchronous counters
• Practical considerations of ADC circuits

SHIFT REGISTERS

• Introduction
• Serial-in/serial-out shift register
• Serial-in, parallel-out shift register
• Parallel-in, parallel-out, universal shift registe...
• Ring counters
• references

DIGITAL-ANALOG CONVERSION

• Introduction
• The R/2nR DAC
• The R/2R DAC

ADC DIGITAL-ANALOG CONVERSION

• Flash
• Digital ramp
• Successive approximation
• Tracking
• Slope (integrating)
• Delta-Sigma ()

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

• Introduction
• Networks and busses
• Data flow
• Electrical signal types
• Optical data communication
• Network topology
• Network protocols
• Practical considerations

DIGITAL STORAGE (MEMORY)

• Why digital?
• Digital memory terms and concepts
• Modern nonmechanical memory.
• Historical, nonmechanical memory technologies.
• Read-only memory
• Memory with moving parts: "Drives".

PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL COMPUTING

• A binary adder
• Look-up tables
• Finite-state machines
• Microprocessors
• Microprocessor programming.

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA Tutorials and Guide

• Introduction
• Boolean arithmetic
• Boolean algebraic identities
• Boolean algebraic properties
• Boolean rules for simplification

KARNAUGH MAPPING Tutorials and Guide

• Introduction
• Venn diagrams and sets
• Boolean Relationships on Venn Diagrams .
• Making a Venn diagram look like a Karnaugh map
• Karnaugh maps, truth tables, and Boolean expressio...
• Logic simplification with Karnaugh maps
• Larger 4-variable Karnaugh maps
• Minterm vs maxterm solution
• (sum) and (product) notation
• Don't care cells in the Karnaugh map .
• Larger 5 & 6-variable Karnaugh maps

COMBINATIONAL LOGIC FUNCTIONS Tutorials and Guide

• Introduction
• A Full-Adder
• Decoder
• Encoder
• Demultiplexers
• Multiplexers
• Using multiple combinational circuits .

MULTIVIBRATORS tutorials and guide

• Digital logic with feedback
• The S-R latch
• The gated S-R latch
• The D latch
• Edge-triggered latches: Flip-Flops
• The J-K flip-flop
• Asynchronous flip-flop inputs
• Monostable multivibrators

COUNTERS Tutorials and Guide

• Binary count sequence
• Asynchronous counters
• Synchronous counters
• Practical considerations of ADC circuits

SHIFT REGISTERS Tutorials and Guide

• Introduction
• Serial-in/serial-out shift register
• Serial-in, parallel-out shift register
• Parallel-in, parallel-out, universal shift registe...
• Ring counters
• references

DIGITAL-ANALOG CONVERSION Tutorials and guide

• Introduction
• The R/2nR DAC
• The R/2R DAC

ADC DIGITAL-ANALOG CONVERSION Tutorials and Guide

• Flash
• Digital ramp
• Successive approximation
• Tracking
• Slope (integrating)
• Delta-Sigma ()

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Tutorials and Lessions

• Introduction to Digital Communication
  
• Networks and busses
• Data flow
• Electrical signal types
• Optical data communication
• Network topology
• Network protocols
• Practical considerations

DIGITAL STORAGE (MEMORY) Tutorials and Guide

• Why digital?
• Digital memory terms and concepts
• Modern nonmechanical memory.
• Historical, nonmechanical memory technologies.
• Read-only memory
• Memory with moving parts: "Drives".

PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL COMPUTING Tutorials and Guide

• A binary adder
• Look-up tables
• Finite-state machines
• Microprocessors
• Microprocessor programming.

DC Circuits Chapters

BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY

· Static electricity

· Conductors, insulators, and electron flow

· Electric circuits

· Voltage and current

· Resistance

· Voltage and current in a practical circuit BASIC C...

· Conventional versus electron flow BASIC CONCEPTS O...

OHM's LAW

· How voltage, current, and resistance relate

· An analogy for Ohm's Law

· Power in electric circuits

· Calculating electric power

· Resistors

· Nonlinear conduction

· Circuit wiring

· Polarity of voltage drops

· Computer simulation of electric circuits .

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

· The importance of electrical safety .

· Physiological effects of electricity .

· Shock current path

· Ohm's Law (again!)

· Safe practices

· Emergency response

· Common sources of hazard

· Safe circuit design

· Safe meter usage

· Electric shock data

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND METRIC PREFIXES

· Scientific notation .

· Arithmetic with scientific notation .

· Metric notation .

· Metric prefix conversions .

· Hand calculator use .

· Scientific notation in SPICE SCIENTIFIC NOTATION .

SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

· Simple series circuits .

· Simple parallel circuits

· Conductance

· Power calculations

· Correct use of Ohm's Law

· Component failure analysis

· Building simple resistor circuits

· What are "series" and "parallel" circuits? .

DIVIDER CIRCUITS AND KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS

· Voltage divider circuits .

· Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) .

· Current divider circuits

· Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) .

SERIES-PARALLEL COMBINATION CIRCUITS

· What is a series-parallel circuit? .

· Analysis technique .

· Re-drawing complex schematics ..

· Component failure analysis ..

· Building series-parallel resistor circuits .

DC METERING CIRCUITS

· What is a meter?

· Voltmeter design

· Voltmeter impact on measured circuit .

· Ammeter design

· Ammeter impact on measured circuit .

· Ohmmeter design

· High voltage ohmmeters

· Multimeters

· Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement .

· Bridge circuits

· Wattmeter design

· Creating custom calibration resistances .

ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION SIGNALS

· Analog and digital signals .

· Voltage signal systems .

· Current signal systems .

· Tachogenerators .

· Thermocouples

· pH measurement

· Strain gauges

DC NETWORK ANALYSIS

· What is network analysis?

· Branch current method

· Mesh current method

· Node voltage method

· Introduction to network theorems

· Millman's Theorem

· Superposition Theorem

· Thevenin's Theorem

· Norton's Theorem

· Thevenin-Norton equivalencies

· Millman's Theorem revisited

· Maximum Power Transfer Theorem .

· -Y and Y- conversions

BATTERIES AND POWER SYSTEMS

· Electron activity in chemical reactions .

· Battery construction

· Battery ratings

· Special-purpose batteries .

· Practical considerations .

PHYSICS OF CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

· Introduction

· Conductor ampacity .

· Fuses

· Specific resistance .

· Temperature coefficient of resistance .

· Superconductivity .

· Insulator breakdown voltage .

· Data

CAPACITORS

· Electric fields and capacitance

· Capacitors and calculus

· Factors affecting capacitance

· Series and parallel capacitors

· Practical considerations

MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM

· Permanent magnets

· Electromagnetism

· Magnetic units of measurement .

· Permeability and saturation .

· Electromagnetic induction .

· Mutual inductance

INDUCTORS

· Magnetic fields and inductance

· Inductors and calculus

· Factors affecting inductance

· Series and parallel inductors

· Practical considerations

RC AND L/R TIME CONSTANTS

· Electrical transients

· Capacitor transient response .

· Inductor transient response .

· Voltage and current calculations .

· Why L/R and not LR?

· Complex voltage and current calculations

· Complex circuits

· Solving for unknown time .